Review:
An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.
Example: I wrote my first novels lust year
A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought.
Example: After I wrote my first novel lust year
1. A simple sentence has one independent clause.
Example: Tom reads novels.
Tom reads newspapers.
Tom reads novels and newspapers. (compound direct object)
Tom reads and enjoys novels. (compound verb)
Tom and Harry read novels. (compound subject)
Tom and Harry read and enjoys novels and newspapers. (compound subject,
verb, direct object)
Punctuation note: NO commas separate two compound elements (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence.
2. A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by
A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or
C. a semicolon alone.
Example: ( to make A, B and C above)
A. Tom reads novels, but Jack reads comics.
B.Tom reads novels; however Jack reads comics.
C. Tom reads novels; his friend reads comics.
Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, and C above):
A. Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause.
B. Independent clause; conjunctive adverb, independent clause.
C. Independent clause; independent clause.
3. A complex sentence has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) joined to an independent clause.
Example: A. Although Tom reads novels, jack reads comics.
B. Jack reads comics although Tom reads novels.
C. Jack Smith, who reads comics, rarely reads novels.
D. People who reads comics rarely read novels.
Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, C and D above):
A. Dependent clause, independent clause
B. Independent clause dependent clause
C. Independent, nonessential dependent clause, clause.
D. Independent essential dependent clause clause.
4. A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses.
Example: While Tom reads novels (dependent clause), but Sam reads only
newspapers (independent clause).
Jack, who reads comics, rarely reads novels (dependent clause,
independent clause); however, tom enjoy novels (independent clause)
Punctuation patterns:
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Follow the rules given above for compound and complex sentences.
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A compound-complex sentence is merely a combination of the two.
Example: While Tom reads novels (dependent clause), but Sam reads only newspapers (independent clause). Jack, who reads comics, rarely reads novels (dependent clause, independent clause); however, tom enjoy novels (independent clause) |
Two independent clauses may be joined by
1. coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) Ic, and ic
2. conjunctive adverbs Ic; therefore, ic.
A dependent (subordinate) clause may be introduced by
1. subordinating conjunctions (ADVERB CLAUSE) Dc, ic. Or Ic dc.
2. Relative pronouns (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) I, dc, c. or I dc c.
3. Relative pronoun, subordinating conjunctions, or adverbs (NOUN CLAUSE)
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